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Anal cancer is a desease related to HPV infection and is uncommon in the general population; however, its incidence has increased considerably in the last 30 years, mainly in groups considered at risk. It is preceded by intraepithelial lesions, wich may appear in the anal canal, anus ou perianal region, and its early diagnosis can be performed using diagnostic methods such as oncotic cytology and high resolution anuscopy (HRA). There is no protocol that supports the need to screen the common population; however, some authors recommend performing these tests in groups at risk for anal cancer. In this study, we carried out a retrospective survey of 3.215 high resolution anuscopy (HRA) exams performed in 2.783 patients over a period of 11 years, in a private health servisse in São Paulo – SP city from 2008 to 2018. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of anal intrapethelial neoplasia (AIN) in this sample. We collected data such as sex, age, anal cytology (when performed), high resolution anuscopy findings and histopathological results, when biopsy was performed. For the results, the data were arranged in a Excel table and statistical tests were used with significance levels of 5% (p < 0,05). It was not possible to guarantee statistical relevance when anal oncotic cytology was evaluated, due to its low sampling in the total numbers of HRA. The female public was the one that underwent the HRA exam when compared to the male sex, however, there is a gradual and progressive increase in the number of men who undergo HRA exam in this service. Regarding the results of 3.215 HRA performed in the presente study, in 2.962 (92,13%) exams, no alteraitons were found and in 253 (7,87%), some type os colposcopy finding was observed. Regarding NIA among the population studied, 2.783 patients, 2.734 (98,2%) had negative tests for NIA, 34 (1,2%) had LSIL, and 15 (0,5%) had HSIL. The number os patientes who presented AIN (LSIL and HSIL) was 49 (1,76%). Based on the total numbers of pacientes, 39 (1,4%) were female and tem (0,36%) were male. We can consider these values as the prevalence of AIN in our sample. When subdivided into LSIL and HSIL, females had 26 (53,06%) of LSIL and 13 (23,53%) of HSIL; the male sex had eight (16,33%) os LSIL and two (4,08%) os HSIL. In this way, it was concluded that the HRA exam is an importante diagnostic method for anal cancer, and its indication must be applied to groups that are at greater risk of developing this type os neoplasm.
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